Present Participle vs Perfect participle

[supsup]

I find something confusing about Participles

Present Participle is used to refer Simple Present or Simple Past. It could refer Present Continuous or Past Continous as well.
He always says goodbye before leaving. (before he leaves)
He used to say goodbye before leaving. (before he left)

Perfect Participle is used to refer Present Perfect or Past Perfect.
Having taken his master's degree,he will apply a job. (After he has taken..)
Having taken his master's degree,he applied a job. (After he had taken..)

But The book called Grammarway says the sentences above have the same meaning,so
we can use both two participles here.I have difficulty understanding.

After taking his master's degree,he applied for a job.
After having taken his master's degree,he applied for a job.



Would you mind if I asked you one more question about Participles?

One evening you will be sitting by the fire. You will remember this day.

a-One evening you will remember this day while sitting by the fire.
b-Being sat by the fire,you will remember this day.
c-neither

Can Present Participle be also used when the sentence is in Future Continous Tense?


Thanks in advance

 

[Pokemon]

If I were you I would find out what the difference is between: 1) finite and non-finite forms of the verb; 2) the participle and the gerund.