Hm. Strange.
There is no such a rule in the textbook. And all the examples for this rule are not capitalized.
I'll try to translate the rule:
An article is absent before sungular countable nouns when a noun designates a position or a title that are unique for the scene.
An article is absent before such nouns when they are nominal predicates, appositions.
My brother is chief of this expedition.
We'll discuss the matter with Mr. Smith, dean of our faculty.
He has been appointed captain of the steamership "Minsk".
When a noun is used as a subject or an object, a definite article is placed before them:
The dean of our faculty spoke at the meeting yesterday.
The letter was signed by the captain of the steamership "Minsk".
That is the rule.
As for capitalization of titles, there is another rule:
When before a noun there is a common noun designating a title or a generally accepted vocative, an article is absent. Such words before proper nouns are capitalized:
Professor Pavlov
General Ivanov
Doctor Brown
Mr. White.
So. According to this book impossible are:
1. The chief.
2. A capitalized Chief.
But it is a really old book. At that time English was a bit artificial in the USSR.